ABSTRACT
Neuroimmune diseases are a group of diseases in which the interaction between the nervous system and the immune system leads to structural damage and/or dysfunction in the nervous system. Timely diagnosis and appropriate immunological intervention can lead to a better cure for the patients and improving prognosis. The emerging neuro-immunological biomarkers including autoantibody profiles, lymphocyte subsets, cytokines and special proteins are important indicators for clinical diagnosis and monitoring of immune status. Currently, however, there are many difficulties in standardization of laboratory testing, disease diagnosis criteria, result interpretation, and mutual recognition among the laboratories, etc. There is an urgent to evaluate the clinical significance of these laboratory indicators correctly, to establish standardization of procedures (SOP) of testing, and to conduct quality control through inter-laboratory monitoring for guiding treatment strategies, monitoring efficacy, and evaluating prognosis. In this paper, neuroimmune tests are suggested to be divided into two categories: conventional panel and research panel. The clinical significance, testing methods and technology of the two categories were discussed. The aim is to evoke mutual communication and cooperation between clinical departments and diagnostic laboratories, to promote the clinical research and standardization of laboratory testing, and to bring more benefits to patients with neuroimmunological diseases.
ABSTRACT
The effect of acupuncture-moxibustion on respiratory system and systemic immune inflammatory response were reviewed to explore the possible role of neuroimmunomodulation in the control of inflammatory response and the effect mechanism of cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Acupuncture-moxibustion could produce the local and systemic anti-inflammatory effect on COVID-19 through the activation of cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. Compared with humoral anti-inflammatory pathway, the neuronal anti-inflammatory pathway has earlier initiation, rapider action, and more localization, which play a more important role in the initial stage of inflammatory response. This may be an important basis for acupuncture-moxibustion intervention in the early stage of COVID-19. In addition to cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway, acupuncture-moxibustion may also play an anti-inflammatory role in activating sympathetic nerve, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and other neural anti-inflammatory pathways. How acupuncture-moxibustion play its role in stimulating the vagus nerve and sympathetic nerve in different periods of inflammatory response, and whether the effect is based on the selection of acupoints and the methods of stimulation, will be the research direction of the transformation from basic research to clinical research for acupuncture-moxibustion.
Subject(s)
Humans , Acupuncture Points , Acupuncture Therapy , Betacoronavirus , Coronavirus Infections , Therapeutics , Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System , Moxibustion , Pandemics , Pituitary-Adrenal System , Pneumonia, Viral , TherapeuticsABSTRACT
Atypical antipsychotic drugs have overcome the serious prolactin elevation and extrapyramidal symptoms of typical antipsychotic drugs, and become the first-line treatment for psychiatry. Studies have found that atypical antipsychotic drugs can modulate the immune inflammatory state of patients and affect their cognitive function, and there is increasing evidence suggesting that neuroimmune disorders may impair cognitive function in schizophrenia. This article reviews the progress of neuroimmune mechanisms of cognitive function in schizophrenia and the effect of atypical antipsychotic drugs on it.
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RESUMEN La infección por la bacteria Helicobacter pylori ocurre a nivel mundial, aunque es más frecuente en países en vías de desarrollo y en comunidades en condiciones socioeconómicas pobres, donde existe hacinamiento o migración de regiones de prevalencia alta. La infección ocurre principalmente durante la infancia y se incrementa con la edad. Se realizó una revisión exhaustiva donde se explican de manera explícita los mecanismos que desencadenan la respuesta inflamatoria una vez que la bacteria coloniza el estómago, que incluye dos etapas: la primera caracterizada por la llegada y penetración del microorganismo al moco gástrico, donde se asienta y se multiplica y la segunda etapa caracterizada por una amplificación de esta respuesta inflamatoria. El conocimiento de estos mecanismos etiopatogénicos no sólo ayuda a la erradicación de la bacteria, sino que contribuye a la regulación del sistema neuroinmune antes, durante y después del daño tisular, para lograr una regeneración tisular adecuada, mejorar la capacidad funcional del órgano sangrante e impedir la evolución tórpida de la enfermedad (AU).
ABSTRACT The infection by Helicobacter pylori occurs worldwide, although it is more frequent in developing countries and in communities with poor socioeconomic conditions, where there is overcrowding or migration from regions of high prevalence. The infection occurs mainly during the childhood and increases with age. An exhaustive review was carried out where the mechanisms unchaining the inflammatory answer after the bacteria colonizes the stomach are explained in an explicit way. It has two stages: the first one is characterized by the microorganism arrival and penetration to the gastric mucus, where it settles and multiplies, and the second stage characterized by an amplification of the inflammatory answer. The knowledge of these etiopathogenic mechanisms does not only help the eradication of the bacteria but also contributes to the regulation of the neuroimmune system before, during and after tissue damage, for reaching an adequate tissue regeneration, improving the functional capacity of the bleeding organ, and preventing the disease torpid evolution (AU).
Subject(s)
Humans , Helicobacter pylori , Helicobacter Infections/complications , Helicobacter Infections/etiology , Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome , Virulence Factors , Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage/etiology , Neuroimmunomodulation , Epidemiologic Factors , Inflammation Mediators , Immunity, Mucosal , Neurogenic InflammationABSTRACT
Objective To establish the lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced autism spectrum disorder(ASD) models at second trimester in rat offspring,and to investigate the effect of LPS exposure on social interaction behavior and neuro-immune system in rat offspring.Methods Twelve-week-old pregnant specific pathogen free rats were randomly divided into non-exposed group(10 cases) and LPS-exposed group(10 cases).Rats in the exposure group were intraperitoneally injected with LPS 25 mg/kg at 12.5 d,while rats in the non-exposed group were intraperitoneally injected with 9 g/L saline.At the age of 28 days,10 rats were randomly selected from each group as the experimental group and the control group.The following tests were carried out in two groups of rats.Their offspring were randomly allocated to the control group (10 cases) and the experimental group (10 cases).The autism-like social behaviors were evaluated by the social interaction test.Density of dendritic spine was analyzed by Golgi staining.The expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (IBA1) were analyzed by immunohistochemisty.The levels of i nterleukin (IL)-1 β,IL-4,IL-6,IL-10,interferon-gamma (IFN-γ'),and transforming growth factor-beta(TGF-β) in rat offspring were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Results The score of social interaction test in the experimental group [(-197.81 ± 101.83) scores] was lower than that in the control group [(132.73 ± 114.63) scores],and the difference was statistically significant (t =5.453,P ＜ 0.05).Density of dendritic spine in CA1 region of hippocampus was lower in the experimental group[(7.71 ± 1.33) numbers/10 μm] than that in the control group[(9.66 ± 1.76) numbers/10 μm] by Golgi staining,and the difference was statistically significant(t =2.775,P ＜ 0.05).Expressions of GFAP and IBA1 in experimental group were higher than those in the control group by immunohistochemisty.Levels of IL-1 β,IL-6,IL-10 and IFN-γ in the experimental group were higher than those in the control group,while level of TGF-β was lower than that in the control group,and the differences were statistically significant(all P ＜0.05).The scores of social interaction test were correlated with the levels of IFN-γ(r =0.756,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion LPS exposure at early pregnancy may affect the neuro-immune system of rat offspring and result in autism-like behavior.
ABSTRACT
Microglia plays multiple roles in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia .Activated microglia can induce a cascade of immune responses leading to neuroimmunological abnormalities , including the release of proinflammatory cytokines , the metabolic ab-normalities of the kynurenic acid pathway , and the oxidative stress response .On the other hand , it can lead to the neurodevelopmental abnormalities through the abnormal pruning of synapses and reducing the lack of neurotrophic support , eventually having psychotic symptoms.This article reviews the recent advances in the pathogenesis of microglia being involved in schizophrenia .
ABSTRACT
Microglia plays multiple roles in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia .Activated microglia can induce a cascade of immune responses leading to neuroimmunological abnormalities , including the release of proinflammatory cytokines , the metabolic ab-normalities of the kynurenic acid pathway , and the oxidative stress response .On the other hand , it can lead to the neurodevelopmental abnormalities through the abnormal pruning of synapses and reducing the lack of neurotrophic support , eventually having psychotic symptoms.This article reviews the recent advances in the pathogenesis of microglia being involved in schizophrenia .
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Autism is a series of extensive and severe neuronal disorders.Autism has renamed autism spectrum disorder(ASD)in the United States of the Diagnosis and Classification Manual Fifth Edition in May,2013.Abnormal neuroimmunological pathogenesis research of ASD in recent years is reviewed in this paper.Studies have found that children with ASD have abnormal proinflammatory factor,neurotransmitter and the emergence of a brain protein antibody.
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The vagus nerve innervates most visceral organs.Upon activation,vagal efferents release acetylcholine,which influences organ function.In addition,vagal afferents convey information regarding the mechanical and chemical environment of the organ to the central nervous system (CNS).This bidirectional communication provides a mechanism for reflex regulation of the biological function of the organ.In the lung,the vagus nerve modulates airway tone,perfusion and secretion,in addition to its effects on breathing pattern.Recently,the vagus nerve has been recognized to play a role in the pathogenesis of lung disease via neuro-immune interactions.The vagus nerve has significant influences in pulmonary diseases,such as asthma,chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD),acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS),pulmonary fibrosis and lung cancer.In disease,the nerve is activated by cytokines,chemokines,and other mediators from many cell types to convey immunologic information to the CNS,which may alter disease outcome.Activation of the vagus nerve also releases neuropeptides to modulate immune cell behavior and can evoke the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway that regulates lung inflammation.Understanding the role of the vagus nerve in neuro-immune interaction may contribute significantly to the clinical management of pulmonary diseases.
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The existence of a functional link between the nervous and immune systems has been well established. The present study was to characterize the expression of p75NTR during thymus regeneration from acute involution induced by cyclophosphamide in the rat. Immunohistochemical and double immunofluorescence analyses demonstrated that expression of the p75NTR was decreased in the thymic medullary epithelial cells and interdigitating dendritic cells during thymus regeneration. The presence of p75NTR protein in extracts from the control and regenerating rat thymus was confirmed by western blot. Furthermore, RT-PCR analysis supported these results by demonstrating that thymic extracts contain p75NTR mRNA at lower levels during thymus regeneration. Thus, our results suggest that the p75NTR located on the thymic medullary epithelial cells and interdigitating dendritic cells could play a role in the development of new T cells to replace the thymocytes damaged during thymus regeneration
Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Aluminum Hydroxide , Blotting, Western , Carbonates , Cyclophosphamide , Dendritic Cells , Epithelial Cells , Fluorescent Antibody Technique , Immune System , Regeneration , RNA, Messenger , T-Lymphocytes , Thymocytes , Thymus GlandABSTRACT
Neuropathic pain is a common chronic pain with complicated underlying mechanisms and difficult to treat, which badly disturbs the daily life of the patient and presents a significant burden to society by increasing healthcare resource utilization and costs. In the recent years, the pivotal role of glia-centered neuroinflammation and neuroimmunity in the development and maintenance of neuropathic pain has been recognized gradually. This review presents the current understanding of the role of glia in neuropathic pain and therapies of glia modulation.